
HCM MEDICA has focused on endoscope and microscope optical products for more than 13 years, a leading manufacturer for endoscope camera image system, especially focus on light and image. We are based in Jiangsu, China, sell to America, Europe, Asia, MID East, Southeast Asia, Oceania, Africa.
Main products include: Endoscope LED light source, Microscope LED light source, Mini light source, Examination light, Fiber optic cable, Medical headlight, ENT headlight, Dental headlight, Plastic surgery headlight, Deep surgery headlight.
We have passed ISO 9001, 13485 and CE inspection, our high quality products have brought us very good reputation. Always a pre-production sample before mass production; Always final Inspection before shipment.
We use LUMINUS LED bulb imported from USA, assures you the best light for your camera from the original source.
More than 95% of our accessories are imported, we never use low quality accessories.
2-year warranty for the entire light source. Actually our light source won't be out of service in more than 6 to 8 years with careful opreation.
We always keep pace with the market development and user requirements, we are in regular touch with many dealers, doctors, factories worldwide. We collect their real needs, and make the exact product for them, customer satisfaction is always the aim of our daily work.
- Medical bath treatment
- Medical bath attachments
- Medical baths, therapeutic baths, bath tubs for hydrotherapy and accessories
- Foot gymnastic apparatus
- Movement analysis
- Isokinetic tests and training systems
- Non- powered wheelchairs
- Folding wheelchairs
- Powered wheelchairs
- Rehabilitation apparatus and equipment
- Computer- Aided Cognitive Rehabilitation
- Furniture for the handicapped
- Ramps and rising rails
- Vehicle adaptations for the handicapped
- Bicycles for the handicapped
- Accessories
- Foot supports
- Orthopaedic food aids, shoes and insoles
- Speech aids for patients following laryngeal surgery
- Speech therapy equipment
- Word processing and rapid search systems for the blind and partially sighted
- Terminals for the partially sighted
- Reading and writing equipment for the blind and partially sighted
- Dictation and listening equipment for the blind and partially sighted
- Electronic aids for the blind and partially sighted
- Rehabilitation of the blind and partially sighted
- Movement splints (arm splints, leg splints, shoulder splints etc.)
- Rehabilitation bandages and positioning materials
- Seating equipment and bowls for handicapped persons
- Playground equipment for handicapped children
- Therapeutic play systems and awareness training
- Audiovisual equipment for the handicapped
- Orthotic devices for legs
- Stump stockings
- Prosthetic rods, apparatus rails
- Shafts for artificial LIMBS and apparatus and accessories
- Orthotic devices for feet, artificial feet
- Orthotic devices for trunk, trunk corsets
- Orthotic devices for necks
- Other prostheses and orthotic devices
- Breast prostheses
- Ear prostheses and auditory ossicle implants
- Suction prostheses and accessories
- Orthotic devices for arms, fitted parts and accessories
- Knee and calf fitted parts and accessories
- Orthotic devices for hands
- Orthotic devices for hips
- Medical heat treatment
- Fango packs, mud baths and equipment for mud preparation
- Temperature- controlled chambers
- Neuromuscular stimulation therapy
- Low pressure massage devices
- Mobile massage equipment
- Physiotherapy equipment
- Exercise equipment including exercise mats
- Breathing exercise equipment
- Extension apparatus for physical therapy
- Straightening aids
- Stair lifts
- Standing trainers and aids
- Walking frames
- Walking sticks, crutches and accessories
- Aids for walking and standing, and other aids
- Ergotherapy
- Abdominal binders
- Foot bandages, foot cushions, toe spreads
- Suspensories
- Hernia trusses
- Joint bandages
- Compression and support stockings and tights
- Back support aids, support bandages and corsets
- Stands
- Positioning fixtures
- Mounting plates
- Holding devices
- Milk pumps, baby bottles and accessories
- Electronic milk- bottle disinfection equipment and bottle warmers
- Bath tubs and showers for patients
- Sanitary cabins
- Prefabricated baths
- Trolleys for cleansing materials
- Mobile refuse and precious materials collectors
- Refuse collection units
- Bedpan and urinal stands
- Bedpan flushing apparatus
- Urine pot dispensers, urine pot holders, staplable
- Sluice room equipment
- Washroom equipment and wet cells
- Toilet seats, shower stools
- WC lifts
- Toilet installations
- Serial laundering facilities for operation theatres
- Water controls, no- touch
- Foot- operated washing equipment
- Thermostatic mixing valves
- Sanitary equipment for physically handicapped persons
- Shower trolleys, adjustable height, shower cabins for handicapped patients
- Medical rooms, room separating systems
- Turn key OR's (modular)
- Turn key hospital buildings
- Modular fittings for DIN- certified cabinets
- Modular fittings for ISO- certified cabinets
- Transport couches
- Endoscopy furniture
- Air moisturizers
- Patient bathing systems
- Delivery beds
- Delivery bath tubs
- Relaxing bath tubs
- Supply cabinets
- Dressing bins, waste bins (pedal bins)
- Implant cabinets
- Instrument cabinets, dressing cabinets, poisons cabinets
- Other examination chairs
- Examination chairs for gynaecology, urology and cystoscopy
- Vestibular nerve investigation chairs, rotating chair equipment
- ENT examination and operation chairs
- Examination and operation chairs
- Couch covers
- Therapy couches and massage benches
- Examination and treatment couches
- Bandaging tables
- Apparatus tables and trolleys for medical electronic equipment
- Instrument tables, apparatus tables
- Orthopaedic and plaster splinting tables
- Chiropractic treatment tables
- Extension tables, extension couches, resetting tables
- Ergometric measuring stations
- Baby changing tables and units
- Orientation and information systems
- Furnishing for service areas, offices, waiting rooms and reception areas
- Disposition outfits
- Documentation systems (not computerised)
- Archiving systems (not computerised)
- Registration systems (not computerised)
- Children's furniture
- Ward- round trolleys
- Archive and library equipment
- Bedside tables and cupboards
- Patient lifting systems
- Adjusting systems for medical furniture
- Ceiling stands
- Kidney dishes and sputum pots
- Safes for patients
- Patients' cupboards
- Other patient chairs
- Vertebral disk support chairs
- Patient reclining chairs
- Special patient chairs
- Bed gantries
- Special beds
- Children's cots
- Patient beds and nursing beds
- Wheels and casters (for medical equipment such as beds)
- Patient beds and accessories
- Equipment and apparatus for medical baths
- Patient care trolleys
- Infusion stands, ceiling and wall attachments
- Ceiling and wall arms
- Room dividers
- Furniture for operating theatres
- Other equipment for blood banks
- Attachment and carrier systems for medical devices
- Lifting columns
- Autopsy tables
- Dissecting tables
- Ceiling stands for the operating theatre
- Delivery room furnishings
- Conserved blood, infusion
- Blood plasma freezers
- Blood product transport equipment
- Blood bank refrigerators
- Equipment for blood banks
- Airlocks (also mobile)
- Other equipment and apparatus for operating theatres
- Operating supports
- Eye operating tables
- Hand operating tables
- Operating table covers, heated
- Operating tables
- Name plats
- Surgery plates
- Information display panels
- Room plats
- Staff plats
- Long- term blood pressure- measuring equipment
- Long- term ECG computers and analysers
- Diathermy equipment
- Prostate thermotherapy units
- Infrared radiation units (non oncological)
- Medical phototherapy equipment
- Medical UV therapy equipment
- Ultrasonic nebulisers
- Ultrasonic accessories
- Ultrasonic surgical equipment
- Doppler sonography equipment and accessories
- Ultrasonic devices for diagnosis of osteoporose and therapy follow- up
- Echocardiographs and evaluation systems
- Ultrasound equipment for gynaecological and obstetric use
- Ultrasound ocular diagnosis, B- mode
- Equipment for pain therapy, transcutaneous nerve and muscle stimulation
- Biofeedback units (e.g. repiratory feedback, RFB)
- Dry gas bathing facilities (oxygen, ozone and carbon dioxide dry gas baths)
- Accessories for sterilising systems and sterilisation
- Disinfectant materials for furnishings and apparatus
- Hand disinfection and cleansing
- Cleaning materials for medical instruments
- Disinfectant and cleansing materials
- Accessories for disinfection
- Sterilization control
- Gases for cold sterilisation
- Supply and disposal systems for sterile goods, containers
- Sterile goods packaging and sterilisation indications
- Sterile pack welding equipment
- Water stills and closed sterile water systems
- Waste gas purification systems for gas sterilisers
- Clean steam generators and pressure autoclaves
- Sterilisation apparatus
- Fitted sterilisers
- Water processing systems
- Disinfecting washers
- Air processing systems (air purification and disinfection systems)
- Ultrasound cleansing equipment
- Ultraviolet disinfection equipment
- Apparatus for cleansing and disinfection
- Irradiation systems for gamma- ray sterilisation of medical articles and instrum
- Gas sterilisers
- Central sterilising installations
- Sterilisation equipment and installations (main sterilising installations)
- Small automated sterilisers for medical practices
- Hot- air sterilisers
- Laboratory sterilization with steam pressure (autoclaves)
- Laboratory sterilisers
- Bandage sterilisers
- Instrument and syringe sterilisers
- Oxygenation equipment
- X- ray generators and tubes
- Standard X- ray units
- High voltage therapy apparatus
- Radiotherapy accessories
- Radiotherapy attachments
- Apparatus and tripods for stationary field and rotation radiotherapy
- Radiotherapy simulators
- Radiotherapy equipment
- Equipment and accessories for radiotherapy
- Injection needles for x- ray contrast medium
- Digital radiography
- X- ray contrast media
- Microfilm systems for X- ray film archives
- Fully darkening equipment
- X- ray film copying devices
- Pendulum X- ray film pouches
- X- ray film protection jackets
- Darkroom equipment
- X- ray film reduction and enlargement equipment
- X- ray film developing apparatus
- X- ray chemicals
- Darkroom apparatus and equipment
- X- ray table covers and other auxililary equipment
- Software, units and phantoms for quality assurance in x- ray diagnosis
- Cassettes, films and intensifying films for X- ray and mammography
- Cassette holders
- Cassette and film changers
- Automated exposure apparatus
- X- ray objectives
- Accessories for X- ray equipment
- Subtraction imaging apparatus
- Video tape storage systems
- X- ray television apparatus
- Stereoscopic equipment
- Spot- film radiography equipment, grid irradiation wall apparatus and tables
- Fluoroscopic and single- frame cameras
- Fluorescent screens, X- ray visualizers
- Laser imaging equipment
- Monitors for X- ray generators and X- ray film documentation
- Supplementary equipment for radiodiagnosis
- X- ray fitting for mammography
- X- ray apparatus for emergency admission and operating theatres
- Bone mineral analysers and densitometers
- Apparatus and accessories for magnetic resonance tomography (MRT)
- Kymographs
- Apparatus and accessories for angiography
- Urine flow meters and systems, apparatus for radiodiagnosis in urology
- Photofluorography equipment
- Tomography equipment
- Fluoroscopes
- Mobile X- ray apparatus
- Apparatus for conventional X- ray pictures
- Radiodiagnosis
- X- ray tubes
- Accessories for X- ray generators
- X- ray generators for radiotherapy and diagnostic radiology
- Stimulation current diagnosis equipment
- Equipment for stimulation current therapy, interference current equipment
- Pressure distribution measuring instruments
- Tympanometers
- Myographs and myofeedback, electromyogramm (EMG)
- Stimulators and accessories
- Monitoring equipment for displaying heart rate, respiratory rate and ECG
- Monitoring systems for puncture sites
- Gaseous exchange monitoring, monitoring of alcohol in breath
- Telemetry systems
- Premature baby monitoring equipment
- Operation monitoring equipment
- Testing equipment for monitoring systems
- Oximeters, oxygen saturation meters
- Mobile and Station Shielding
- Nuclear diagnostic
- Radiation Protection
- Isotope Storage Cabinets
- Complete Thyroid Uptake System
- Hot Cells Manipulators
- PET Clear Air / Fume Hoods
- Decontamination (other than refuse and effluent)
- Air, drinking water and effluent monitoring systems
- Contamination monitors
- Dosimeters
- Radiation measurement, warning and monitoring apparatus
- Radiation protection gloves
- Radiation protection curtains
- Radiation protection goggles
- Radiation protection clothing
- Radiation protection cabins
- Equipment and utensils for radiation protection
- Glove boxes
- Remote control equipment and pneumatic delivery systems for radioactive substanc
- Isotope laboratory equipment
- Apparatus and accessories for therapeutic uses of nuclear medicine
- Automatic gamma and liquid scintillation sample changers
- Monitors for nuclear medicine
- Evaluation systems for nuclear medicine
- Nuclear measurement stations
- Nuclear measurement instruments
- Microscopic image analysis
- Capillary microscopy: evaluation and programs
- Lighting installations for operating theatres and investigation rooms
- Medical incandescent lamps
- Cold- light glass fibre lamps
- Medical lamps, examination lamps
- Fixed and moveable standard lamps
- Operating table lights
- Ergospirometers
- Body plethysmographs (lung)
- CO diffusion measuring stations
- Provocation test equipment
- Peak flow meters
- Volume measuring instruments
- Spirometers
- Photocoagulators
- Lasers
- Accessories for laser surgery and therapy
- Lasers for eye surgery
- Doppler lasers
- Suction bottles
- Suction and irrigation tubings
- Catheter flushing systems
- Seldinger catheter implanting sets
- Bile duct catheters
- Insufflation catheters
- Suction catheters and units
- Defibrillators
- Intra- aortic balloon pumps
- Steam inhalation apparatus
- Ultraviolet irradiation of blood (UVB)
- Haematogenous oxidation therapy systems (HOT)
- Inhalers
- Oxygen inhalation and drug nebulising equipment
- Ophthalmological implants, artificial eyes, lenses
- Artificial bladder sphincters, penis prostheses
- Tracheal prostheses
- Breast prostheses, breast implants
- Cardiac valves (aortic and mitral)
- Voice rehabilitation, vocal prostheses
- Vascular prostheses
- Cardiovascular patches
- Surgical membranes
- Otosurgical implants and prostheses (ceramic and precious metal)
- Orthopaedic implants and prostheses
- Syringes
- Feeding tubes
- Tourniquets, compression equipment, venous compression equipment
- Tourniquets, compression tubing
- Conserved blood and accessories (blood bags, warming devices etc.)
- Blood cell separation (haemapheresis system)
- Haemofiltration equipment and blood filters
- Blood transfusion equipment, systems and accessories
- Implantable medication pumps
- Infusion regulators
- Infusion pumps and ozone therapy equipment
- Infusion systems, equipment and accessories
- Inoculation sets
- Venepuncture sets
- Lumbar and spinal puncture accessories
- Canulae (hollow needles)
- Metal taps, attachments, tube connectors and trumpet valves
- Syringe pumps
- Insulin syringes and injectors
- Syringe sets
- Ready- for- use ampoule syringes
- Luer syringes
- Injection syringes
- Bladder syringes
- Electromedical metabolic analysis instruments and accessories (e.g. lactate anal
- Arthroscopes
- EVE endoscopes, video endoscopes, CCD cameras
- Instruments for endoscopic biopsy
- Instruments for endophotography
- Amnioscopes
- Hysteroscopes and culdoscopes
- Urological endoscopes
- Proctoscopes, rectoscopes
- Gastroscopes
- Bronchoscopes
- Nasal endoscopes
- Hyperthermia systems for clinical tumour therapy
- Sleep apnoea therapy equipment
- Ionisers
- Iontophoresis
- Electromedical instruments and apparatus for cardiological therapy
- Magnetic field therapy
- Frequency therapy equipment
- Electrocardiographs and analysers
- Tele- Cardiology and Tele- Respiratory monitoring and diagnosis
- Telemedicine
- Tele- Healthcare
- Phonocardiographs, cardiophones, phonocardiography instruments
- Magnetocardiographs and analytical devices
- ECG accessories (electrodes etc.)
- Equipment and accessories for high frequency surgery
- Tourniquets pneumatic and electronic
- Devices for cryosurgery and cryotreatment (including chambers)
- Equipment for laser surgery
- Hot air stream and infrared coagulators
- Testing equipment for light conducting cables, HF cables and accessories
- Haemodialysis equipment and accessories
- Dialysis testing and monitoring equipment
- Peritoneal dialysis equipment and accessories
- Scales
- Pressure distribution measuring instruments
- Other instruments and apparatus for ocular diagnosis
- Instruments for diagnosis of ocular movement and nystagmus
- Ophthalmometers, prism exophthalmometers
- Ophthalmoscopes
- Ophthalmological diagnostic sets
- Spectacle lens testing apparatus
- Visual symbol projectors
- Automatic refractometers
- Ophthalmological diagnostic items
- Perimeters
- Ocular tonometers
- Iris microscopes, slit lamps
- Fundal / retinal cameras
- Apparatus for diagnosis and treatment of squint
- Instruments and apparatus for ocular diagnosis
- Ocular diagnosis
- Accessories for electromedical diagnostic apparatus
- Body composition, body weight analysis
- Manometry systems, oesophageal and rectal measuring stations
- Skin test apparatus
- Cytobrush for gynaecological cell extraction
- Gynaecological investigation tests
- Equipment for gynaecological investigation and diagnosis
- Fertility diagnosis
- Electronic devices for measuring body temperature
- Cranicorpographs
- Epilepsy early warning instruments
- Evoked potentials, somatosensory, visual, acoustic
- Relaxation monitoring instruments
- Apparatus for sleep apnoea diagnosis
- Apparatus for sleep studies
- EEG monitoring and reproduction systems
- Electromedical instruments and instruments for neurological diagnosis
- Cardiac output measuring instruments (output per minute or over time)
- Labour monitoring instruments and cardiotochographs (CTG)
- Electronic pulse rate meters
- Thermodilution heart minute volume computers
- Electromedical apparatus for cardiovascular and vascular diagnosis
- Stethoscopes and accessories
- Pulse stopwatches
- Percussion hammers, reflex hammers
- Chair scales
- Bed scales
- Baby scales
- Personal scales
- Wound drainage and Redon instruments
- Other Surgical Instruments and Equipment
- Drainages
- Apparatus for pathology and anatomy
- General instruments and apparatus for anatomy and post mortem examination
- Instruments and apparatus for anatomy and pathology
- Laparascopic cholangiography canulae
- Instruments for the minimal- invasive surgery, MIS
- Surgical items for treatment of the eye
- Eye irrigation bottles
- Phacoemulsifiers for cataract surgery
- Irrigation and suction instruments for catheter surgery
- Vitrectomy instruments for vitreous and retinal surgery
- Instruments and apparatus for surgery and treatment of the eye
- Instruments and apparatus for ophthalmology
- Ear instruments and otoscopes
- Nasal instruments and rhinometers
- Instruments for pharynx, larynx and trachea
- Instruments for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
- Instruments for ENT surgery
- Instruments and apparatus for dermatology and cosmetic surgery
- Instruments for hand and plastic surgery
- Urological instruments and equipment
- Instruments and apparatus for cardiac and thoracic surgery
- Instruments and apparatus for abdominal and general surgery
- Implantable catheters and long- term access systems (port systems)
- Silicone capillary drains
- Silicone vascular loops
- Vein strippers
- Vascular surgical instruments, accessories
- Microsurgical instruments
- Bone nails, screws and plates
- Extension equipment for surgery
- Drills, hand drills
- Bone saws
- Bone burs
- Hammers
- Flat and concave chisels
- Bone files and rasps
- Bone rasps, elevators, dissectors
- Instruments for bone surgery, fracture treatment and repair
- Plaster saws and shears (including electrical)
- Scoliosis instruments
- Meniscotomes
- Instruments for accident surgery, orthopaedics and rehabilitation surgery
- Equipment for gynaecological and obstetric surgery
- Instruments for tubal insufflation and salpingography (tubal insufflators)
- Vaginal specula
- Gynaecological instruments and equipment
- Instruments for intervertebral disk surgery and laminectomy
- Stereotactic operating instruments
- Neurosurgical instruments and equipment
- Special surgical and patho- anatomical instruments and devices
- Other general surgical instruments and equipment
- Suture removal sets
- Surgical suture materials
- Surgical plastic and rubber articles
- Needle holders
- Needle magnets
- Surgical needles
- Clamps
- Dilators
- Wound and abdominal wall retractors
- Wound retractors, rib spreaders, wound approximators
- Scissors, forceps
- Scalpels and accessories
- Manual blood pressure measuring instruments and accessories
- Instruments for invasive blood pressure measurement
- Blood pressure self- monitoring instruments
- Electronic blood pressure manometers and accessories
- Plethysmography units including rheography, e.g. venous- occlusion plethysmograp
- Pulse oscillographs
- Diagnostic Displays
- MRI
- CT
- US
- Respirators and accessories
- Heart- lung machines and accessories
- Attachments for respirators
- Audiometry equipment
- Anaesthesia equipment
- Other Anaesthetic equipment
- Connectors, connecting pieces for anaesthesia and resuscitation
- Accessories for elastic instruments used in anaesthesia and resuscitation
- Elastic instruments for anaesthesia and resuscitation
- Tubing for anaesthesia and resuscitation
- Pharyngeal tubes (Guedel), laryngeal masks
- Nasopharyngeal tubes
- Bronchial tubes, bronchial sets
- Tracheostomy tubes and cannulas
- Endotracheal Tubes
- Tubes
- Thermoregulators for deep anaesthesia
- Tubes for anaesthetic units, anaesthetic tubes
- Anaesthetic masks, breathing bags
- centrifuges
- Ultrasonic- Homogenizers
- Grinding mills
- Mortars
- Vibrators
- Paper filters
- Accessories for filtration
- Filter devices
- Filters made of other material
- Plastic filters (cellulose acetate)
- Laboratory items made of glass
- Laboratory items made of metal
- Laboratory items made of metal
- Laboratory items made of plastic
- Laboratory furniture
- Laboratory safety benches
- Fume cupboards
- Fume cupboards
- Drying cabinets
- Freeze drying equipment (laboratory)
- Cleaning equipment (laboratory)
- Automatic cleaning apparatus for laboratory glassware
- Ultrasound cleaning apparatus (laboratory)
- Pipette cleaning apparatus (laboratory)
- Laboratory refrigerators
- Cryostats for deep freezing
- Laboratory deep- freezers
- Upright laboratory freezers
- Water treatment equipment for the laboratory
- Double- distillation apparatus made of vitreous silica
- Glass water distillation units/Bi- distillation units made of quartz glass
- Metal water distillation units
- Mixing units for vessels, tubes, etc.
- Vibration mixers
- Dry- blend mixers
- Stirrers with blade on a stand
- Multipoint magnetic stirrers
- Magnetic stirrers
- Pipetting devices for microtiter plates
- Sun filter grade measuring systems
- Equipment/kits for the definition of antioxidants
- Chemoluminometer
- Fully automatic microtiter plate systems
- Semi- automatic microtiter plate systems
- Evaluation units for microtiter plates
- Incubation / temperature regulating units for microtiter plates
- Fluorometers/fluorometry
- Washing apparatus for microtiter plates
- Units to determine specific weight
- Special tables for analytical and micro scales
- Micro- analytical scales
- Analytical scales
- Precision scales
- Laboratory scales
- Shaking water baths (temperature regulation)
- Water baths (temperature regulation)
- Cryostats for temperature regulation and cooling
- Block thermostats with various drillings
- Thermostats with oil temperature regulation
- Cooling thermostats
- Thermostats with water temperature regulation and circulation
- Temperature measuring strips with colour indication
- Electronic thermometers with sensor
- Glass thermometers
- Temperature regulation (measuring, temperature regulation, heating, cooling, etc
- Automatic pipetting and diluting station with automatic sample recognition
- Automatic pipetting and diluting station without automatic sample recognition
- Pipetting apparatus with elastic tube pump
- Dilutors with motor, with or without automatic control
- Manual dilutors, glass / plastic
- Dispensers with motor, with or without automatic control
- Manual dispensers, glass / plastic
- Pipette tips
- Piston pipettes, complete
- Plastic pipettes and measuring vessels, etc.
- Glass pipettes and measuring vessels, etc.
- Volumetry (measuring, pipetting, dispensing, diluting, etc.)
- Accessories for sample distribution systems
- Sample distribution systems with automatic sample recognition
- Sample distribution systems without automatic sample recognition
- Accessories for sample distribution
- Sample recognition systems
- Sample distribution and organisation
- Accessories for conductivity cells
- Conductivity cells
- Conductometers
- Accessories for pH meters
- pH buffer solution / calibration solution
- pH electrodes / single- rod measuring chains
- pH meters
- pH meters and conductometers
- Accessories for cuvettes
- Cuvettes for synthetic photometers
- Cuvettes for photometers made of optical quartz glass
- Cuvettes for optical glass photometers
- Accessories for photometers
- Flame photometers
- Filter photometers
- UV- VIS spectrophotometers (with monochromatic filters)
- Atomic absorption spectrophotometers
- Photometers
- Nephelometers/nephelometry
- Turbidimeters/turbidimetry
- HPLC application: medical laboratory diagnosis
- High- pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)
- Gas chromatography (GC)